| ALT | U/L | |
| AST | U/L | |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | mg/L | - Typical adult range: under 5
- Mildly raised: 5 to 10
- Moderately raised: 10 to 100
- Significantly raised: over 100
|
| Calcium | mmol/L | - Adults (adjusted calcium): 2.20 to 2.60
|
| Cortisol | nmol/L | - Morning (8 to 9 AM, serum): 140 to 700
- Afternoon (4 PM serum): 83 to 360
- Suggests adrenal insufficiency (AM): below 140
- Persistently above upper reference (AM): above 700
|
| Creatinine | µmol/L | - Adult men: approx. 60 to 110
- Adult women: approx. 45 to 90
|
| DHEA-Sulfate (DHEAS) | µmol/L | - Men 20 to 30: 6.0 to 13.4
- Men 30 to 40: 4.3 to 12.2
- Men 40 to 50: 3.7 to 9.8
- Men 50 to 60: 2.4 to 8.9
- Women 20 to 30: 4.0 to 11.0
- Women 30 to 40: 3.0 to 9.0
- Women 40 to 50: 2.0 to 7.0
- Postmenopausal women: 0.8 to 4.0
|
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | nmol/L | - Adult men: 0.86 to 2.93
- Adult women: 0.03 to 0.83
- On finasteride (men): expect suppression below baseline by roughly 70 percent
|
| ESR | mm/hr | - Guide (rises with age): roughly under 15 (men) to under 20 (women)
|
| Fasting Glucose | mmol/L | - Normal: under 5.5
- Impaired fasting glucose / non-diabetic hyperglycaemia: 5.5 to 6.9
- Diabetes range (confirmation required): 7.0 and over
|
| Fasting Insulin | pmol/L | - Optimal (functional medicine view, not NICE-defined): under 35
- Within typical lab range: 35 to 70
- Raised: may suggest insulin resistance: 70 to 175
- Markedly raised: may suggest significant insulin resistance: over 175
|
| Ferritin | ng/mL | - Absent iron stores: under 15
- Low iron stores (iron deficiency): under 30
- Borderline: can still fit iron deficiency: 30 to 45
- Lower limit printed on UK lab reports: 15 to 30
- Upper limit printed on UK lab reports: set by each lab
- Iron deficiency unlikely: above 150
- Trichology view for hair shedding: above 70
|
| Folate | nmol/L | - Adequate (NICE): over 7
- Borderline / deficient: 3 to 7
- Deficient: under 3
- Often targeted clinically: over 15
|
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | IU/L | - Cycling women, early follicular (days 2-5): 3.5 to 12.5
- Cycling women, ovulation peak: 4.7 to 21.5
- Cycling women, luteal phase: 1.7 to 7.7
- Perimenopausal (variable): 10 to 40
- Postmenopausal: 25.8 to 134.8
- Adult men: 1.5 to 12.4
|
| Free Testosterone | nmol/L | - Adult men: 0.20 to 0.62
- Adult women: 0.005 to 0.030
|
| Free Thyroxine (Free T4) | pmol/L | - Typical adult range: 12 to 22
|
| Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3) | pmol/L | - Typical adult range: 3.1 to 6.8
|
| Full Blood Count (FBC) | mixed (see table) | - Haemoglobin (adult men): 130 to 170 g/L
- Haemoglobin (adult women): 120 to 150 g/L
- White cell count: 4.0 to 11.0 x10^9/L
- Neutrophils: 1.5 to 7.5 x10^9/L
- Lymphocytes: 1.0 to 4.0 x10^9/L
- Platelets: 150 to 400 x10^9/L
- MCV (red cell size): 80 to 100 fL
|
| GGT | U/L | - Adult men: approx. 10 to 55
- Adult women: approx. 10 to 38
|
| Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) | mmol/mol | - Normal: under 42
- Pre-diabetes: 42 to 47
- Diabetes (NICE, on confirmation): 48 or above
- Typical NICE NG28 targets once type 2 diabetes is diagnosed: 48 or 53
|
| Hepatitis B immunity (anti-HBs) (anti-HBs) | mIU/mL | - No immunity: less than 10 mIU/mL
- Protective immunity: 10 mIU/mL or higher
- Responder level: 100 mIU/mL or higher
|
| HIV (4th generation antigen + antibody) (HIV) | qualitative (reactive or non-reactive) | - Non-reactive (negative): No HIV antigen or antibody detected
- Reactive (initial screen): Antigen or antibody detected
- Window period (combo test): conclusive at 45 days (6 weeks) post-exposure
|
| Homocysteine | µmol/L | - Optimal (functional medicine view): under 9
- Within typical UK lab range: 9 to 15
- Mildly raised (hyperhomocysteinaemia): 15 to 30
- Moderately raised: 30 to 100
- Severely raised: over 100
|
| Luteinising Hormone (LH) | IU/L | - Cycling women, follicular (days 2-5): 2.4 to 12.6
- Cycling women, mid-cycle surge: 14 to 96
- Cycling women, luteal phase: 1.0 to 11.4
- Postmenopausal: 7.7 to 58.5
- Adult men: 1.7 to 8.6
|
| Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) | µmol/L | - Typical adult range: under 0.40
- Suggests functional B12 deficiency: 0.40 to 0.75
- Confirms B12 deficiency: over 0.75
|
| Oestradiol (E2) | pmol/L | - Pre-menopausal women, follicular phase (days 1 to 14): 46 to 607
- Pre-menopausal women, mid-cycle peak: 315 to 1828
- Pre-menopausal women, luteal phase: 161 to 774
- Post-menopausal women: under 184
- Adult men: under 191
|
| Omega-3 Index | % | - High cardiovascular risk: under 4
- Intermediate risk: 4 to 8
- Optimal: over 8
- Very high (review supplementation): over 12
|
| Potassium | mmol/L | |
| Progesterone | nmol/L | - Mid-luteal (about 7 days before the next period): over 30 suggests ovulation
- Follicular phase (before ovulation): low (under 5)
|
| Rubella immunity (Rubella IgG) | IU/mL | - Non-immune (negative or equivocal): less than 10 IU/mL
- Immune (positive): 10 IU/mL or higher
|
| Selenium | µmol/L | - Adequate (UK adults): 0.89 to 1.65
- Borderline / deficient: 0.70 to 0.89
- Deficient: under 0.70
- Excess (review supplementation): over 1.90
|
| Serum Iron | µmol/L | - Adult men: 11 to 30
- Adult women (pre-menopause): 9 to 30
- Adult women (post-menopause): 11 to 30
|
| Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) | nmol/L | - Adult men: 18 to 54
- Cycling women: 32 to 128
- Postmenopausal women: 27 to 128
|
| Sodium | mmol/L | |
| Syphilis Antibodies | antibody titre (qualitative or numerical) | - Negative (treponemal antibody): No antibodies detected
- Positive (treponemal antibody): Antibodies detected
- RPR / VDRL titre: reported as a dilution, e.g. 1:4, 1:8, 1:16
|
| Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb) | IU/mL | - Negative: under 115
- Weakly positive: 115 to 500
- Strongly positive: over 500
|
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | mIU/L | - Typical adult range: 0.27 to 4.20
- Suggesting hypothyroidism: over 4.20
- Suggesting hyperthyroidism: under 0.27
- Treatment target on levothyroxine (NICE): 0.4 to 4.0
|
| TIBC and Transferrin Saturation | µmol/L (TIBC), % (transferrin saturation) | - TIBC adult range: 45 to 72
- Transferrin saturation typical: 20 to 50
- Transferrin saturation suggesting iron deficiency: under 20
- Transferrin saturation suggesting iron overload: over 50
|
| Total T4 | nmol/L | - Adults: approx. 59 to 154
|
| Total Testosterone | nmol/L | - Adult men: 8.6 to 29.0
- Adult women: 0.3 to 2.4
|
| TPO Antibodies (TPO-Ab) | IU/mL | - Negative: under 35
- Weakly positive: 35 to 100
- Strongly positive: over 100
|
| Urea | mmol/L | |
| Uric acid | µmol/L | - Adult men: approx. 200 to 430
- Adult women: approx. 140 to 360
|
| Urinalysis and urine culture | qualitative (dipstick + culture) | - Leukocytes (dipstick): Negative is normal
- Nitrites (dipstick): Negative is normal
- Blood (dipstick): Negative is normal
- Protein (dipstick): Negative or trace is normal
- Glucose (dipstick): Negative is normal
- Ketones (dipstick): Negative is normal
- Urine culture (MC&S): No significant growth
|
| Varicella immunity (VZV IgG) (VZV IgG) | IU/mL (lab-specific cut-off, usually around 100 to 165 mIU/mL) | - Non-immune (negative or equivocal): IgG below lab cut-off
- Immune (positive): IgG above lab cut-off
|
| Vitamin B12 (B12) | ng/L | - Confirmed deficiency (NICE NG239): under 180
- Indeterminate (NICE NG239): 180 to 350
- Adequate: 350 to 900
- Symptomatic patients (clinical view): often above 400
|
| Vitamin C | µmol/L | - Adults (plasma): approx. 28 to 85
|
| Vitamin D | nmol/L | - Deficient (NICE CKS): under 25
- Insufficient: 25 to 50
- Sufficient (NICE / SACN): over 50
- Often targeted clinically for symptomatic patients: 75 to 125
- Above which supplementation should be reviewed: over 220
|
| Vitamin D3 | nmol/L | - 25-OH vitamin D: deficient: under 25
- 25-OH vitamin D: insufficient: 25 to 50
- 25-OH vitamin D: sufficient: over 50
|
| Zinc | µmol/L | - Adults (serum): 11 to 22
- Borderline / deficient: 9 to 11
- Deficient: under 9
|